Free Essays on DESNUDE SU ESTRES

â€Å"Desnude su estrà ©s† El libro â€Å"Desnude a su estrà ©s† de Lois Levy a travà ©s de un texto fcil de seguir sugiere al lector diversas tà ©cnicas de relajacià ³n fà ­sica y espiritual, que incluyen consejos desde cantar en la regadera hasta llevar a la realizacià ³n tà ©cnicas ya formales como lo seria el yoga. La autora reafirma constantemente la importancia de la relajacià ³n, respiraciones conscientes y profundas, la meditacià ³n y principalmente la aceptacià ³n de las necesidades que tenemos los seres humanos en estos dà ­as de liberar altos niveles de stress. Es asà ­ y con diversos ejercicios de dificultad bsica que poco a poco lograremos reducir los niveles de tensià ³n y podremos gozar de una vida mucho ms tranquila. Personalmente me parecen muy sencillas, pero no insuficientes, las tà ©cnicas que propone la autora, ya que no requieren ni de un espacio en particular, tampoco de un tiempo en especifico para realizarlas. Se pueden llevar a cabo desde el primer segundo en el que se despierta, mientras que se desarrollan las actividades o en el momento que antecede el sueà ±o. Su efectividad es infalible y fcil de comprobarlo, ya que en el momento en el que leà ­ el libro y aplicaba espordicamente las tà ©cnicas incluidas, era efectiva la relajacià ³n que experimentaba, misma que me ayudo a comprender mejor el libro. Por otra parte, la variedad de las tà ©cnicas incluidas dejan excluido cualquier tipo de pretexto para no realizarlas. De igual manera la dedicacià ³n y tiempo necesarias para realizarlas varà ­an de tal manera que las opciones resultan abrumadoras (raro de un libro anti-stress). Es un hecho que la tensià ³n (stress) impide al ser humano desarrollar sus capacidades intelectuales al 100%, ya que nuestra creatividad e inventiva requieren de un estado equilibrado y de tranquilidad para poder manifestarse apropiadamente. Las consecuencias pueden tener diferentes magnitudes, sin embargo en el caso acadà ©mico el realiza... Free Essays on DESNUDE SU ESTRES Free Essays on DESNUDE SU ESTRES â€Å"Desnude su estrà ©s† El libro â€Å"Desnude a su estrà ©s† de Lois Levy a travà ©s de un texto fcil de seguir sugiere al lector diversas tà ©cnicas de relajacià ³n fà ­sica y espiritual, que incluyen consejos desde cantar en la regadera hasta llevar a la realizacià ³n tà ©cnicas ya formales como lo seria el yoga. La autora reafirma constantemente la importancia de la relajacià ³n, respiraciones conscientes y profundas, la meditacià ³n y principalmente la aceptacià ³n de las necesidades que tenemos los seres humanos en estos dà ­as de liberar altos niveles de stress. Es asà ­ y con diversos ejercicios de dificultad bsica que poco a poco lograremos reducir los niveles de tensià ³n y podremos gozar de una vida mucho ms tranquila. Personalmente me parecen muy sencillas, pero no insuficientes, las tà ©cnicas que propone la autora, ya que no requieren ni de un espacio en particular, tampoco de un tiempo en especifico para realizarlas. Se pueden llevar a cabo desde el primer segundo en el que se despierta, mientras que se desarrollan las actividades o en el momento que antecede el sueà ±o. Su efectividad es infalible y fcil de comprobarlo, ya que en el momento en el que leà ­ el libro y aplicaba espordicamente las tà ©cnicas incluidas, era efectiva la relajacià ³n que experimentaba, misma que me ayudo a comprender mejor el libro. Por otra parte, la variedad de las tà ©cnicas incluidas dejan excluido cualquier tipo de pretexto para no realizarlas. De igual manera la dedicacià ³n y tiempo necesarias para realizarlas varà ­an de tal manera que las opciones resultan abrumadoras (raro de un libro anti-stress). Es un hecho que la tensià ³n (stress) impide al ser humano desarrollar sus capacidades intelectuales al 100%, ya que nuestra creatividad e inventiva requieren de un estado equilibrado y de tranquilidad para poder manifestarse apropiadamente. Las consecuencias pueden tener diferentes magnitudes, sin embargo en el caso acadà ©mico el realiza...

How to Place a Checkbox Into a DBGrid

How to Place a Checkbox Into a DBGrid There are numerous ways and reasons to customize the output of a DBGrid in Delphi. One way is to add checkboxes so that the result is more visually attractive. By default, if you have a boolean field in your dataset, the DBGrid displays them as True or False depending on the value of the data field. However, it looks much better if you choose to use a true checkbox control to enable editing the fields. Create a Sample Application Start a new form in Delphi, and place a TDBGrid, TADOTable, and TADOConnection, TDataSource. Leave all the component names as they are when they were first dropped into the form (DBGrid1, ADOQuery1, AdoTable1, etc.). Use the Object Inspector to set a ConnectionString property of the ADOConnection1 component (TADOConnection) to point to the sample QuickiesContest.mdb MS Access database. Connect DBGrid1 to DataSource1, DataSource1 to ADOTable1, and finally ADOTable1 to ADOConnection1. The ADOTable1 TableName property should point to the Articles table (to make the DBGrid display the records of the Articles table). If you have set all the properties correctly, when you run the application (given that the Active property of the ADOTable1 component is True) you should see, by default, the DBGrid display the boolean fields value as True or False depending on the value of the data field. CheckBox in a DBGrid To show a checkbox inside a cell of a DBGrid, well need to make one available for us at run time. Select the Data controls page on the Component Palette and pick a TDBCheckbox. Drop one anywhere on the form - it doesnt matter where, since most of the time it will be invisible or floating over the grid. Tip: TDBCheckBox is a data-aware control that allows the user to select or deselect a single value, which is appropriate for boolean fields. Next, set its Visible property to False. Change the Color property of DBCheckBox1 to the same color as the DBGrid (so it blends in with the DBGrid) and remove the Caption. Most importantly, make sure the DBCheckBox1 is connected to the DataSource1 and to the correct field. Note that all the above DBCheckBox1s property values can be set in the forms OnCreate event like this: procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);begin DBCheckBox1.DataSource : DataSource1; DBCheckBox1.DataField : Winner; DBCheckBox1.Visible : False; DBCheckBox1.Color : DBGrid1.Color; DBCheckBox1.Caption : ; //explained later in the article DBCheckBox1.ValueChecked : Yes a Winner!; DBCheckBox1.ValueUnChecked : Not this time.; end; What comes next is the most interesting part. While editing the boolean field in the DBGrid, we need to make sure the DBCheckBox1 is placed above (floating) the cell in the DBGrid displaying the boolean field. For the rest of the (non-focused) cells carrying the boolean fields (in the Winner column), we need to provide some graphical representation of the boolean value (True/False). This means you need at least two images for drawing: one for the checked state (True value) and one for the unchecked state (False value). The easiest way to accomplish this is to use the Windows API DrawFrameControl function to draw directly on the DBGrids canvas. Heres the code in the DBGrids OnDrawColumnCell event handler that occurs when the grid needs to paint a cell. procedure TForm1.DBGrid1DrawColumnCell( Sender: TObject; const Rect: TRect; DataCol: Integer; Column: TColumn; State: TGridDrawState); const IsChecked : array[Boolean] of Integer (DFCS_BUTTONCHECK, DFCS_BUTTONCHECK or DFCS_CHECKED);var DrawState: Integer; DrawRect: TRect;beginif (gdFocused in State) thenbeginif (Column.Field.FieldName DBCheckBox1.DataField) thenbegin DBCheckBox1.Left : Rect.Left DBGrid1.Left 2; DBCheckBox1.Top : Rect.Top DBGrid1.top 2; DBCheckBox1.Width : Rect.Right - Rect.Left; DBCheckBox1.Height : Rect.Bottom - Rect.Top; DBCheckBox1.Visible : True; endendelsebeginif (Column.Field.FieldName DBCheckBox1.DataField) thenbegin DrawRect:Rect; InflateRect(DrawRect,-1,-1); DrawState : ISChecked[Column.Field.AsBoolean]; DBGrid1.Canvas.FillRect(Rect); DrawFrameControl(DBGrid1.Canvas.Handle, DrawRect, DFC_BUTTON, DrawState); end; end; end; To finish this step, we need to make sure DBCheckBox1 is invisible when we leave the cell: procedure TForm1.DBGrid1ColExit(Sender: TObject);beginif DBGrid1.SelectedField.FieldName DBCheckBox1.DataField then DBCheckBox1.Visible : Falseend; We need just two more events to handle. Note that when in editing mode, all keystrokes are going to the DBGrids cell, we have to make sure they are sent to the CheckBox. In the case of a CheckBox we are primarily interested in the [Tab] and the [Space] key. [Tab] should move the input focus to the next cell, and [Space] should toggle the state of the CheckBox. procedure TForm1.DBGrid1KeyPress(Sender: TObject; var Key: Char);beginif (key Chr(9)) then Exit; if (DBGrid1.SelectedField.FieldName DBCheckBox1.DataField) thenbegin DBCheckBox1.SetFocus; SendMessage(DBCheckBox1.Handle, WM_Char, word(Key), 0); end;end; It could be appropriate for the Caption of the checkbox to change as the user checks or unchecks the box. Note that the DBCheckBox has two properties (ValueChecked and ValueUnChecked) used to specify the field value represented by the checkbox when it is checked or unchecked. This ValueChecked property holds Yes, a Winner!, and ValueUnChecked equals Not this time. procedure TForm1.DBCheckBox1Click(Sender: TObject);beginif DBCheckBox1.Checked then DBCheckBox1.Caption : DBCheckBox1.ValueChecked else DBCheckBox1.Caption : DBCheckBox1.ValueUnChecked;end; Run the project and youll see the checkboxes all over the Winner fields column.

Connection between corporate governance and company valuation in Assignment

Connection between corporate governance and company valuation in emerging market countries - Assignment Example fferent features of the corporate governance structures like the protection of the interests of minorities and in adequate rights of investors lead to poor performance within the firm and low value creation for the business (LaPorta, Silanes and Shleifer, 1999, pp.471-517). In many similar studies, researchers have indicated that the firms which follow lesser or no stringent rules in the corporate governance practices generally tend to have lower valuation in the market. Klapper and Love (2012) have focused their study on the emerging markets and indicate that poor corporate governance practices can increase the risks that are associated with the investments in the emerging markets (Klapper and Love, 2004, p.703-725). In a particular study on the emerging market of Korea, Black and Kim (2003) have pointed out that corporate governance is a significant dynamic of the market value of the firms in Korea, especially for the public companies (Black, Bernard and Kim, 2010, pp.414-425). Bla ck (2001) also establishes a significant linkage between the corporate governance and the value of firms in the market of Russia. Black, Bernard, Love and Rachinsky (2006), suggests that whereas in developed countries like the United States and Europe the corporate governance practices are not as critical as factors like ownership structure from deciding the value of the firm, in developing economies the role of corporate governance in deciding the value of the businesses is significant (Black, Love and Rachinsky, 2006, pp.361-379). Transparency can be implemented by stringent corporate governance practices and transparency is a critical factor in preventing the conflict of interest of the controlling shareholders and the minor shareholders. The conflict of interest between the controllers of the business and the external finance sources of the business may result in the development of the principal agent problem. The principal agent problem will create agency costs that are likely to

Analyse and evaluate the use of the Roper Logan Tierney assessment Assignment

Analyse and evaluate the use of the Roper Logan Tierney assessment tool in your current practice - Assignment Example Since my patients are old people, verbal communication is often difficult to collect right information from them. Beyond doctor’s case study, and opinion of relatives we often have to rely on the Roper Logan Tierney model to assess the condition of patients by observing their activities of living (ALs). These activities of living, according to Roper Logan and Tierney (2000) are twelve common activities such as maintaining a safe environment, communication, breathing, eating and drinking, elimination, cleansing and dressing, controlling temperature, mobilizing, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping, and dying (Marriner-Tomey & Alligood, 2006). Though there are many other nursing models and theories (McKenna, 1997), the Roper Logan Tierney model would help a health practitioner to form clear idea about the patient’s needs by observing them from various perspectives. Environment: safe and peaceful environment highly influences patients’ progress in health (Baric L & Blinkhorn, 2007). Yet, most of them may not be capable of creating their own safe environment. Obviously, old patients are either unable to do anything for making safe environment or unaware of its importance. As the theorists suggests, in order to perform any other activities of living a safe environment is essential for an individual (Roper, Logan & Tierney, 1996 p. 21). A patient’s ability and attitude toward environment would give an idea about the influence of environmental factors on his/her past life and on the present illness. This assessment would help nurses determine the required measures for the patient’s betterment. Peaceful and pollution free ambiance is essential, especially for old patients who are suffering from mental and physical weakness. Communication: although verbal communication with old patients is difficult, there are many other ways to communicate with them such as by touch, look, and smile,

Australian Conscription in Vietnam War Essay Example for Free

Australian Conscription in Vietnam War Essay The conscription issue during the second Indo – China war in the 1960’s tore apart the fabric of Australian society and resulted in divisions in all sections of the community. There were many reasons for Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War, including the allegiance commitments of South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). The introduction of conscription illustrates the main purpose of Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. The conscription issues and the war itself caused social division in reaction to the Vietnam War. In 1964 compulsory National Service was introduced under the National Service Act. The Defence Act was amended in May 1965 to provide that National Servicemen could be obliged to serve overseas, a provision that had been applied only once before – during World War Two. Paragraph one The Australian government supported the USA involvement in the Vietnam War, and Australia felt it was imperative that the North Vietnam have a proper defensive treaty, as a number of other countries felt the same way, so SEATO was created to deal with this situation. SEATO was a much stronger agreement to support Australia’s security needs in the Pacific. It also helped to highlight the growing division between Australia and Britain and the new dependence on the United States (US). † (N/A, The ANZUS Treaty and SEATO Alliance, 2013, Skwirk. com. au Interactive Schooling) Australia joined the SEATO because it could support Australia in the Pacific. As America joined in the Vietnam War, A ustralia supported them to join the war as well. The Australian government feared the idea of communism overtaking their nation, this fear lead to the decision of forcing their young men to be conscripted to join the war in South Vietnam. Conscription was a tremendous issue for the families of the young men who fought in the war because many males were being conscripted sent into the Vietnam War without any choice or opinion. As a result of the fear of communism, Australia decided to support the US to join the Vietnam War and fight for the South Vietnam. SEATO was one of the reasons that Australia joined the war, because it was a much stronger agreement to support Australian security of the needs in the Pacific, Australia joined the SEATO to against the North Vietnam. As Australia got involved the war, the conscription has leaded to the depressions and social divisions in the Australian society. Paragraph two The purpose of the second Indo-China war of conscription was to avoid communism spreading to Australia. This caused Australian men and women to become infuriated and create groups against conscription. Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) was keen to get more supporters of his actions in Vietnam, to give them legitimacy. This was during the Cold War, both North and South Vietnam tried to gain the moral upper hand over the other in a way that does not happen today. â€Å"You have in us [the Australian Liberal delegation] not merely an understanding friend but one staunch in the belief of the need for your presence in Vietnam. We are not here because of our friendship, we are here because, like you, we believe it is right to be there and, like you, we believe American forces should stay there as long as it seems necessary to achieve the purpose of the South Vietnamese Government and the purpose that we join in formulating and progressing together. And so, sir, in the lonelier and perhaps even more disheartening moments which come to any national leader, I hope there will be a corner of your mind and heart which takes cheer from the fact that you have an admiring friend, a staunch friend that will be all the way with LBJ. ( Wikipedia, A Daily Updating Blog of Important Events In History That Never Occurred Today, 2004, Today In Alternate History) From this speech -‘All The Way with LBJ’, to show that LBJ tried to convince other Australia to join the war with them together, and America knew that Australia would support them, and Australia had training teams in Vietnam before 1965, just as the Am erica did. The main reason that Australia was afraid of the communism was the domino theory, the countries of South-East Asia was like dominoes. If one ‘fell’ to communism, this would lead to the fall of another, and so on until all were ruled by communists. It is evidenced that Australia was very fearful of communism and of growing Asian power, by offering Australia’s full unquestioning support of the United States (US). Australia’s foreign policy is basically to secure protection by cuddling up to a more powerful friend; since World War Two America has been Australia’s powerful friend. Australia supported America by helping them in conflicts such as joining the Vietnam War was one of the prices that Australia paid for the protection. Paragraph three Conscription led to people combining together and creating groups to revolt against the conscription and Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. The social divisions appeared in all sections of the Australian community. Conscription started as choosing 20-year-old males in Australia in 1964, but then it turned into conscripting teenagers. In 1964 compulsory National Service for 20-year-old males was introduced under the National Service Act. The selection of conscripts was made by a sortation or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were reduced to give two years’ continuous full-time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. Young men who were subject to the conscription lottery also formed their own anti-conscription organization, the Youth Campaign Against Conscription. Like Save Our Sons, it spread to other states – New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia. (Wikipedia, 11 March 2013, Conscription in Australia) In 1965 a group of concerned Australian women who had ‘lost’ their husbands and sons joined together and created the Save Our Sons (S. O. S) which was established in Sydney with other branches later formed in Wollongong, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Newcastle and Adelaide. In the same year, young men who were subject to the conscription lottery also created their own organization the Youth Campaign Against Conscription (YCAC). One of the social divisions would be conscription affect people’s daily routine, and people were being anti-war and anti-conscription. Overall, the governments’ fear of communism spreading into Australia was why they chose to continue supporting the America. This is most likely because the war and conscription were mostly fused into one without taking account of a nuanced position that addresses the two issues separately. The importance of keeping the two issues separate is that the Government would have been more credible if it had simply pursued the war and not sent conscript. Conclusion In conclusion, conscription issue during the Vietnam War in the 1960’s put Australian society into the social divisions in all parts of Australian community, especially in 1966 people started to stand out and combined into organizations to against it. The reason that they supported and followed the United States (US) to join the Vietnam War would be Australian Government was afraid of the spreading of the communism. Australia supported the defence of the people in South Vietnam and intellectual consistency to accept the use of conscription in a war that was supposed to be fought in defence of freedom; instead the war got extended.

Teenage Plastic Surgery Essay example -- Self Image Health Medicine M

Teenage Plastic Sugery In 2003, teenagers 18 years old and younger represented 4 percent of those receiving cosmetic plastic surgery in 2003. Although the percentage may seem small, it represents over 330,000 school-aged youths who had some kind of cosmetic surgery or procedure, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). The standards for a perfect body have been getting narrower, and teens and college students are reacting to the pressure. According to the ASPS, plastic surgeons preformed over 8.7 million total cosmetic surgery procedures in 2003, a 33 percent increase from last year. Kat* is a 19-year-old sophomore at Northeastern University who has seriously been considering breast implants for the past year. Kat is 5’9 and wears an A-cup bra size. She feels that implants would make her body more proportional. â€Å"It would boost my personal self-image and self esteem a lot,† said Kat. â€Å"Even though I know it’s something social†¦ I would feel so much better if I had boobs.† Kat said that both male and female friends have teased her about her small chest. This and the pressure and stereotypes of perfect bodies from television and movies have affected the way Kat says she feels she should look. â€Å"I think it is a combo of both†¦ but more personal friends because that is your real life.† Kat has not researched the procedure, but plans to do so extensively to minimize the risks of it. She also said that to get the procedure soon she would need either to start saving now or take out a loan. Kat said she has heard horror stories and I would invest a lot into it to make sure that everything goes well. She said that her mother knows of her plans and is supportive of it but she has not yet told her... ...use photographs are two-dimensional and people are three,† said Thilert. If the patient still has unrealistic expectations, the surgeon will refer the patient to a counselor or church official, though Thilert only knows of one case where this happened. If patients are not happy with the result and the doctor agrees that it is not up to his standard, he will redo the surgery for only the cost of the hospital and the anesthesia. Thilert has three children, one in high school and two in college. She said that if her 20-year old daughter wanted to get cosmetic surgery and it was important to her, she would support her decision. â€Å"I think if [young people] have realistic expectations and are doing it for themselves and not someone else, then it’s not anyone else’s business,† said Thilert. â€Å"I do not have a problem with people feeling better about themselves.†

Unlimited Semiosis, Intertexuality and Ex-Centricity in Umberto

Dicle Erbay AKE 612/712 Assist. Prof. Dr. Bilge Mutluay UNLIMITED SEMIOSIS, INTERTEXUALITY AND EX-CENTRICITY IN UMBERTO ECO’S THE NAME OF THE ROSE The title of The Name of the Rose suggests many interpretations about the thick book at first glance. Umberto Eco talks about this first impression and why he chose this title for his book in his expository article he published in Alphabeta called â€Å"Postille† (after). He says that the idea for the title was coincidental and he liked it at the first thought because the rose is such a meaningful and symbolic object that it actually lost its original meaning- having almost no meaning.After giving many references of the rose (The War of the Roses, The Rosencrantz Cult, Gertrude Stein's poem Sacred Emily), Eco explains that a potential reader would be baffled by such a title as it both meant everything and nothing at the same time. It would be impossible for him/her to reach up to a quick conclusion; in fact, that conclusion i s never to come. The title of a book, he concludes, should stumble up ideas, not put them in order. This explanation actually is a small prototype of the entire book in terms of its meaning and â€Å"conclusion†.The Name of the Rose is a book that has a multiplicity of meanings, an unlimited intertextuality, and an important theme of ex-centricity. However even this explicit announcement made for the title does not satisfy some result-obsessed people who continually ask Eco why he has chosen that title upon which he answers in his article â€Å"Reading My Readers†: â€Å"Because Pinocchio and Snow White were already copyrighted† (Eco 819). He seems to have become overwhelmed but his answer is not that silly either. He continues: â€Å"My simplistic answer concealed the fact that authors do not speak in the void and are determined- and even ensured- by previous texts†. Even such debate over the title only captures the importance of intertextuality for both Eco and his book. In this sense, The Name of the Rose is a book all about other books. In the same article, Eco goes on to explain how to interpret a text with neither consulting the author nor falling for quick conclusions. â€Å"The text is there. Narrators, as well as poets, should never be able to provide interpretations of their own work. A text is a machine conceived for eliciting interpretations. When one has a text to question, it is irrelevant to question the author† (Eco 820).Still, Eco must have felt to bring some clarifications upon some academics that had fallen into the pit of symbolic explanations for Eco’s work. Some wrong interpretations included â€Å"fishing for ultraviolet analogies† by a â€Å"paranoid reader†. What he did was to code a series of characters in one of his Foucault's Pendulum according to their initial letters; Abulafia, Belbo, Casaubon, and Diotallevi, making a pattern of ABCD. Another thing he tried to do was to attr ibute J&B label to Jacopo Belbo as he is a heavy whiskey drinker.Umberto Eco’s answer to these cryptograms (which he sees as â€Å"interpretive waste†) are surprisingly patient: â€Å"The alphabetical series ABCD is textually irrelevant if the names of the other characters do not bring it to X, Y, and Z; and Belbo drinks martinis and furthermore his mild addiction to alcohol is not the most relevant of his features†(Eco 824). Although Eco highlights intertextuality and symbolic references, he is never too simple to connect them to trivial pursuits. Thus, he obviously needed to describe a model reader for his works to be understood accordingly: â€Å"A text is a device conceived in order to produce its Model Reader.Such a reader is not the one who makes the â€Å"only right† conjecture. A text can foresee a Model Reader entitled to try infinite conjectures† (Eco 821). Therefore, the readers of The Name of the Rose, instead of trying to achieve one s ingle meaning, should be open to a multiple and diverse of meanings so that the text can be achieved. The author should also be aware of this fact; when he writes a book and publishes it, it will be open to anyone who reads it and it will be open to interpretations not according to the author’s intentions but by a complex strategy of interactions.Applying the Model Reader to The Name of the Rose, Eco says in â€Å"Postille† that he wants an accomplice for his game. While he was writing, he wanted to be completely specific to the Middle Ages and he wanted to live in the Middle Ages as if it were his own age (and vice versa). Simultaneously he wished for a reader who would fall victim to him, or rather his book and would want nothing more than the book presents him. Then he directly speaks to the reader: In short, I will present you so much of Latin, few women, abundant theology, litres of blood as in Grand Guignol that you will say â€Å"But this is wrong!I am out! â⠂¬  There, at that moment you will belong to me and you will feel the shiver of the eternal almightiness of God who baffles the order of the world. Then, if you are smart, you will realize how I have entrapped you, because in the long run I have been telling you this with each step; I have been warning you well about the fact that I have been dragging you into ending up in hell. Yet the best thing about the contracts made with Satan is that people’s knowingly signing it with whom they are doing business. Otherwise what is the deal about hell and rewarding anyway? my translation 655) What he is doing here is to play with the conventions of the novel, which would normally and readily accept any eager reader submerging oneself in the book, resting peacefully in between its orderly pages without any threat or trap, and ending smoothly in the bliss of closure. He is questioning and playing with those conventions by threatening his readers and proving his postmodern attitudes towa rds his act of writing as well as his readers. In order to reach a full understanding of a text, Eco has his theoretical explanations about signs that constitute texts.The Name of the Rose will reveal itself more in his article â€Å"The Theory of Signs and the Role of the Reader†. He talks about the freedom of use of a text and goes on to say: A text is [not] a clear crystal-clear structure interpretable in a single way; on the contrary, a text is a lazy machinery which forces its possible readers to do a part of its textual work, but the modalities of the interpretive operations-albeit multiple, and possibly infinite-are by no means indefinite and must be recognized as imposed by the semiotic strategies displayed by the text. 36) We are again made aware of the plurality of meanings of a text and its certain boundaries made out of semiotics. Every single sign works with its context and they help us in the process of understanding what we are reading (or seeing). â€Å"If si gns were not endowed with a certain text-oriented meaning metaphors would not work, and every metaphor would only say that a thing is a thing† (37).Therefore we need the theory of signs for a clean interpretation: In order to understand, then, how a text can be not only generated but also interpreted, one needs a set of semantico-pragmatic rules, organized by an encyclopedia-like semantic representation, which establish how and under which conditions the addressee of a given text is entitled to collaborate in order to actualize what the text actually says. (43) The Name of the Rose is a huge pool of signs and unlimited semiosis from which the reader is challenged to absorb every meaning and not to choose only one out of all those choices.It is such a thin line between coming to an understanding of a whole set of meanings at the same time without feeling overwhelmed and drowning in the ocean of signs in case of attempting to pin them all. Rather than coming to a conclusion, the book has infinite layers of a rose, from which the reader cannot reach a final meaning. The point is to derive pleasure from the process of meaning, not its closure. Adso also is a naive reader who should learn this notion throughout the book.One critic named Rocco Capozzi interprets Adso’s development under the light of Peircean ideas: On his journey-and it is most appropriate that a â€Å"novice, â€Å"in his gradual formation, should learn through the experience of a journey (one of the main, and most obvious, over coded symbols of The Rose) Adso learns from William that the nature of books is similar to the nature of â€Å"signs. † As he loses more and more of his naivete, and as he acquires more and more what Peirce calls â€Å"logica docens,† Adso learns to accept that when speaking of signs, he â€Å"can always and only speak of something that speaks . . of something else†; perhaps without ever arriving at the â€Å"final something†-at th e â€Å"true one†. This is only one of the many clear â€Å"traces† of Peirce's principle of unlimited semiosis in The Rose. (416) Adso questions William’s method of logic in trying to disclose the murders in the monastery as the latter seems to delay the solutions rather than reaching to them. He addresses Adso: Solving the mystery is not the same as deducing from first principles. Nor does it amount simply to collecting a number of particular data from which to infer a general law.It means, rather, facing one or two or three particular data apparently with nothing in common, and trying to imagine whether they could represent so many instances of a general law you don’t yet know, and which perhaps has never been pronounced. [. . . ] In the face of some inexplicable facts you must try to imagine many general laws, whose connection with your facts escapes you. Then suddenly, in the unexpected connection of a result, a specific situation, and one of those l aws, you perceive a line of reasoning that seems more convincing than the others.You try applying it to all similar cases, to use it for making predictions, and you discover that your intuition was right. But until you reach the end you will never know which predicates to introduce into your reasoning and which to omit. And this is what I am doing now. I line up so many disjointed elements and I venture some hypothesis. I have to venture many, and many of them are so absurd that I would be ashamed to tell them to you. (295-296) William is the critical or the Model reader that Eco yearns for. While reading the book, the reader’s attitude toward it should be like William’s method.Adso, on the other hand is the naive reader who cares more about a single truth rather than enjoying the process. Adso wants to hear about the truth in vain: – But then †¦ you are still far from the solution. – I am very close to one, but I don’t know which. – Th erefore you don’t have a single answer to your questions? – Adso, if I did I would teach theology in Paris. – In Paris do they always have the true answer? – Never, but they are very sure of their errors. (297) It is also possible to see William here as a different type of monk- he questions everything; even God’s word, yet not so openly.Still, his novice loses some of his respect towards him upon hearing there is not a single truth. He is worried about the murders and impatient to solve it immediately. He thinks that William is wasting time and disregarding the horrible events in the monastery: I had the impression that William was not at all interested in the truth, which is nothing but the adjustment between the thing and the intellect. On the contrary, he amused himself by imagining how many possibilities were possible. At that moment, I confess, I despaired of my master and caught myself thinking, ‘Good thing the inquisitor has come. I w as on the side of that thirst for truth that inspired Bernard Gui. (297) While we are enjoying the process of reading The Name of the Rose, we are presented with countless references from various writers, thinkers, poets, and so on. These references are not directly there in front of our eyes but the competent reader is quick to grab the source of the references he has known. They are so absorbed in the text that only what the reader knows is available to him/her. Capozzi defines The Name of the Rose â€Å"as a mosaic of books- as a novel of books within books, and of signs and a system of signs within other systems† (417).Intertextuality is another important aspect of The Name of the Rose which adds to the multiplicity of meanings. In fact, Eco's novel is a perfect example of conscious (and unconscious) â€Å"hybridization†; it is a text in which many other texts merge, fuse, collide, intersect, speak to, and illuminate, one another-each with its own language and â₠¬Å"ideologue. † The Rose, succinctly put, is a skillful (con)structure of an intentionally ambiguous, polyvalent, and self-reflexive novel in-tended to generate multiple meanings.Moreover, it is a novel which wishes to be: an intersection of textual â€Å"traces† and â€Å"textures†; a dialogue with many texts; and a literary text generated through the end-less process of writing and reading, re-writing and re-reading, etc. Looking for the sources of these references, however, is a futile journey in reading the book. If overemphasized this practice undermines â€Å"the whole strategy of overtly using quotations and intertextuality as a foreseen textual strategy for generating other texts† (Capozzi 414).It also overlooks Eco’s way of literary journey through encyclopedia of literature in the act of writing and ignores the re-writing and re-reading other texts as a text or an interrelationship of different discourses and meanings. Many critics has fou nd in The Name of the Rose references from several writers such as William of Occam, Roger Bacon, Alessandro Manzoni, Jorge L. Borges, Conan Doyle, Michail Bakhtin, Charles S. Peirce, Jury Lotman, Roland Barthes, Maria Corti, Eco's own theoretical and journalistic writings, and so on.The ultimate reference seems to be to the Bible as the books starts like Genesis and ends in an Apocalypse, adding the seven-day creation in the storyline by giving the account of the events in a week. It is also possible to see Bakhtin in Adso’s carnivalesque dream and the side ornaments that Adelmo draws on books. But the most significant of the references is undoubtedly to Borges as the book is so full of Borgesian elements like labyrinth, library, books about books and mirror that in fact some critics even claim that the true author of The Name of the Rose is Borges- not Eco.The most striking reference to Borges seems to be the name of the murderer: Jorge de Burgos. Eco personally answers to those who ask why the character’s name evokes the writer and why he is such a bad figure: â€Å"I do not know it myself, either. I was in need of a blind man in charge of the library (that seemed to be a good idea to me); and a blind library only begets Borges; because everything has a price† (my translation 644). It is also a revelation of his debts to Borges. In fact not only more than a few elements in the book are Borgesian but also Eco’s interpretation of a text finds its roots in the writer.Borges is known to see a book as a dialogue in which it engages with the reader and he does not accept it as an isolated entity. Moreover, Borges uses â€Å"a painstaking description of characters, dates, recondite historical facts, erudite philosophical debates, and detailed bibliographical references, each of which serves to blur the border between reality and imagination† (all of which is visible in The Name of the Rose) in the beginning paragraphs of many of his short stories (Corry 428).By such a detailed introduction, the reader is invited not to question the reality of the reported facts. Furthermore, â€Å"the profusion of characters, the scholarly questions, and the endless references to books and writers† also tell us that we are surrounded by a Borgesian jungle. Many short stories of Borges are also alluded to in the book. â€Å"A library representing the universe, its structure of a complicated and large labyrinth, the possibility of knowing the secrets of the world†, all remind us â€Å"The Library of Babel†.William’s role as a detective trying to â€Å"decipher the secret interior of the library only through examination of its exterior and with the help of mathematics† is similar to the detective Eric Lonnrot in â€Å"Death and the Compass† (Corry 428-429). The similarities are so many to count but Eco’s debt to Borges is undeniably great. The final significant feature of The Na me of the Rose that I am going to mention is its central theme of â€Å"ex-centricity†. It is the story of those who are driven away from the centre, the system and it is mostly used in historiograpic metafiction.The characters in the book are continuously struggling in and out of the centre. William and Adso are trying to enter the center of the library, Franciscans are trying to enter the center of the Church by making Avignon accept Jesus Christ’s poverty and Jorge is trying to keep his central position by protecting library at the cost of his and anybody else’s life. However, the ex-centrics in the book are mostly seen to establish their own meta-narrative; and thus creating their own circle. The most striking example is of the lepers.They are â€Å"misshapen, their flesh [is] decaying and all whitish, [they are] hobbling on their crutches, with swollen eyelids, bleeding eyes. † They do not â€Å"speak or shout†; they â€Å"twitter like miceâ €  (192). William explains their ex-centricity: â€Å"For the Christian people they are others, those who remain on the fringe of the flock. The flock hates them, they hate the flock, who wish all lepers like them would die. [†¦] The flock is like a series of concentric circles, from the broadest range of the flock to its immediate surroundings.The lepers are a sign of exclusion in general† (197-198). But the main point is revealed when William talks about the circles and their surroundings in general through the lepers’ exclusion as heretics: â€Å"This is the illusion of heresy. Everyone is heretical, everyone is orthodox. The faith of a movement proclaims doesn’t count: what counts is the hope it offers. All the heresies are the banner of a reality, an exclusion. Scratch the heresy and you will find the leper. Every battle against heresy wants only this: to keep the leper as he is† (194).The point is not to find a compromise or a remedy for the outsiders in all power relations but to keep them where they are. The Franciscans are also mostly desired to be excluded rather than to be listened and be given some credit. Instead of sharing an ocean of knowledge with the rest of the world, Jorge prefers keeping it all to himself for his own interpretation of order and submission and even kills himself by eating the poisoned pages of the book and burns the library. The meta-narrative, the center of the circle is so strong that its total destruction is more acceptable than its break.The argument of under which category The Name of the Rose is heated. It was labeled by many critics as: metaphysical, mystery, detective or anti-detective story, post-modern, historical, bildungsroman, gothic or essay novel, and so on. My impression is that the book might be all of this and none of this at the same time. Linda Hutcheon puts it under tha category of historiographic metafiction the definition of which is in the follows: Historiographic m etafiction works to situate itself within historical discourse without surrendering its autonomy as fiction.And it is a kind of seriously ironic parody that effects both aims: the intertexts of history and fiction take on parallel (though not equal) status in the parodic reworking of the textual past of both the â€Å"world† and literature. The textual incorporation of these intertextual past(s) as a constitutive structural element of postmodernist fiction functions as a formal marking of historicity-both literary and â€Å"worldly. † At first glance it would appear that it is only its constant ironic signaling of difference at the very heart of similarity that distinguishes postmodern parody from medieval and Renaissance imitation (see Greene 17). †¦ ] Nevertheless, a distinction should be made: â€Å"Traditionally, stories were stolen, as Chaucer stole his; or they were felt to be the common property of a culture or community †¦ These notable happenings, i magined or real, lay outside language the way history itself is supposed to, in a condition of pure occurrence† (Gass 147). [†¦ ] The intertextual parody of historiographic metafiction enacts, in a way, the views of certain contemporary historiographers (see Canary and Kozicki): it offers a sense of the presence of the past, but this is a past that can only be known from its texts, its traces-be they literary or historical.We are welcomed by Eco’s efforts to legalize the reality of his book; the book we are holding in our hands is actually a combination and edited version of many other writers other than Adso. The book is recorded by an Abbe named Vallet and it is the French translated manuscript of Dom J. Mabillon’s print, the author of which is Dom Adso of Melk. The book is made out of scattered notes, edited many times and travelled the most challenging journey- yet we have it in full and large form as it is. The suspense is there: what to believe in and what not to is always a mystery. The author as lost his authority by distancing himself from the origins of the book so far away that the reader does not give himself totally to what he has to say- there is a continuous and ongoing questioning. The intertextuality of the book is another marking of both literary and â€Å"worldly† historicity as Hutcheon says. It is a reminder of the past that we can never be sure to refer except from textual remaining. As the last line of the book suggests: â€Å"Stat rosa pristine nomine, nomina nuda tenemus. † [1] ———————– [1] Once a rose exists with its name, in our hands only names remain (my translation).

Microeconomics about Fresh Water Supply Essay

Scarcity of fresh water is emerging as the most critical resource issue which world is facing in recent years. The signs of a shrinking water supply can be seen worldwide. Many restaurants no longer provide a free glass of water to diners and cities restrict its use for private pools and gardens. The supply of fresh water is limited, but with the increase in population, the demand of water increases rapidly. We use water faster from our resources than it can be replaced. This paper will discuss the issues regarding fresh water supply in the future with the already shrinking resources and fast growing world population, pollution of major water resources, impact of climate changes and longer drought seasons etc. The major factor of increasing water usage is the faster growth of world’s population. Demand for water is also rising due to increase in economic activities, urbanization and people’s lifestyles. Moreover, increasing population is shrinking the supply of water. Despite the fact that 75 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, only 2. 5 percent of it is fresh water, and three-quarters of that is locked up in the form of glaciers and ice caps in polar areas, where human reach is nearly impossible. Only 0. 3 percent of the water is surface water, found in rivers and lakes. The rest is buried deep in the ground. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) The root cause of current global water crisis, especially in the third world countries, is population and there is a serious need to meet this crisis with modern techniques of water management. In the age of population explosion, more water is required for irrigation and we need to develop a sound planning to utilize water resources. Water scarcity has become a greater concern at present as people were facing shortage of water. Because of overpopulation, mass consumption, misuse, and water pollution, the availability of drinking water per capita is inadequate and shrinking. Because of population growth – coupled with industrialization and urbanization – will result in an increasing demand for water and will have serious consequences on the environment. The connection of Fresh Water and population is much closed, increase in population, urbanization affect the quality and availability of water resources. Also, population growth enhances the demand of fresh water for agriculture use, and house hold consumption. Scares and contaminated water supply also cause health problems. The shortage of water may arises political conflicts among countries, the example is India and Pakistan, both of them shares two or more rivers the India have advantage because he uses upstream water and the left is for Pakistan’s use. But they are not satisfied with all this, and try to get more and more by agreements and table talks. Some times it seems that they both are ready to fight for water, this type of situation is dangerous for the economy of both countries. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Water is a strategic resource in the globe and an important element in many political conflicts. Some have predicted that clean water will become the â€Å"next oil†, making Canada, with this resource in abundance, possibly the richest country in the world. The Middle East region has only 1 percent of the world’s available fresh water, which is shared among 5 percent of the world’s population. Thus, in this region, water is an important strategic resource. By 2025, it is predicted that the countries of the Arabian Peninsula will be using more than double the amount of water naturally available to them. Jordan, for example, has little water, and dams in other countries have reduced its available water sources over the years. Other dispute on water is on river Gangus between India and Bangladesh. India controls the flow to Bangladesh. The two countries have now signed an agreement to use the water of Gangus River equally to prevent further conflicts in future. (Water Politics, 2008) As shortage of water increases by time to time, many countries of the world try to prevent this shortage by making laws and strategies for efficient use of water in house holds and industrial sectors. They attempt to make water reservoirs like dams and barrages to control the flow of water down stream and to fully utilize the river water and make it sure that not a single drop of water wastes. Dams are emerged as the major step which different governments take to overcome the crisis of water. There are at least 40,000 dams that are built to date in the world. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Among these countries, India is the one, who increasingly rely on Dams to meet its water needs. The shortage of water may arises political conflicts among countries, the example is India and Pakistan, both of them uses 2 or more than 2 rivers the India have advantage of having the upstream water of all the major rivers which flow towards Pakistan. Thus there is a high probability of emergence of any new conflict over fresh water between these two countries. There are some other countries which have very little amount of fresh water within their boundaries, so they must use alternate way to get fresh water. They must resort to the conversion of sea water into fresh water to fulfill their needs, not to mention land locked countries. The process is known as Desalination. Without this process they are not able to support there population. The technology is very high energy consuming and is very expensive; it is beyond the reach of most poor countries which facing water shortage, like some countries of Africa. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) The major use of water is in Agriculture sector, industrial sector and by house holds. With the increase in population, the usage requirements are rise proportionally. Increase in population’s living standards, increases per capita water consumption. Increasing Agricultural and Industrial usage reflects improving in living standards. Agriculture Dominates global water use, accounting for 69 percent of all water withdrawals. Industry accounts for about 23 percent, followed by municipal consumption at 8 percent. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) In the coming years, population of world grows rapidly and the per capita consumption of water in coming years shrinks the world’s water resources, as a result the demand for water exceeds more than reserves to provide it. It is expected in future that a large number of countries facing water shortage due to exceeding demand of water. Water demand is also rises due to the growth of industrial usage, rising demand for household consumption and increasing use of water for irrigation to produce more food to feed rising population of world. Take United States of America as an example, while the average American in 1900 just consume 10 cubic meter of water per year for personal and household use, that figure had jumped by an average of 200 cubic meters a year. (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001) Most people in developing countries get their water from a public tap, community wells, rivers, lakes and rain water collected from ponds. As most of the developing countries become urban, people get their water from city water system. As we know that cities are ever growing larger and larger, their demand for water increases with the increase in population. Such growth of population puts pressure on city’s water reservoirs and most of them are unable to provide or fulfill that demand due to lack of resources. In Middle East, the amount of renewable water is declining due to increase in population. â€Å"The practice of heavily subsidizing water is costing Middle East governments dearly, both in terms of revenues and efficiency. Governments in the region, advised by water industry experts, are realizing that a fresh approach is required, one based on managing the region’s scarce water resources, rather than just reacting to uncontrollable consumer demand,† says Edmund O’Sullivan, Chairman of MEED Events. (Mideast faces fresh water crisis, By Staff Writer on Sunday, March 16, 2008) Due to shrinking water supply in Dubai, last month, the Dubai and Water Authority increased the tariff of water and electricity. This was the first time; Dubai has increased the tariff since 1998. â€Å"Tariff increases are bound to be met with resistance, so a gradual approach may be the best way forward. Although the change will not apply to UAE nationals, the biggest consumers of water, it is a step in the right direction. Managing existing water assets better could go some way to reducing the need for new capacity,† O’Sullivan said. (Mideast faces fresh water crisis, By Staff Writer on Sunday, March 16, 2008) Another major cause of shrinking water supply is water pollution; it becomes a major problem for all the countries of world, developed countries in Europe and North America face problems due to water pollution. In many countries of world, especially in developing countries, lakes, rivers and streams are used as receptacles for an assortment of industrial wastes, including untreated and partially treated municipal sewage, industrial poisons, and dangerous chemicals that mix into surface and ground water during agricultural activities. Caught between scare and polluted supply of water, and rising demand from population and industrial sector, most of developing countries are facing difficulties to provide demanded amount of fresh and clean water (Hinrichsen & Tacio, 2001). As the World Bank has warned, lack of water is likely to be the major factor limiting economic development in the decades to come (Serageldin, 1995). More than half of the world’s rivers are now so polluted that they pose serious health risks. One-third of Africa’s people already endure conditions of water scarcity, and water supplies are in jeopardy in China, India, Japan, Spain, southern France, Australia, the southwestern U. S. and many other parts of Asia and Europe. Rapidly growing populations, ever-increasing pollution, desertification and falling water tables endanger a fragile, finite resource. Toxic chemicals are contaminating water, endangering the world’s most precious supplies of water. Toxic brew of pesticides, nitrogen fertilizers, industrial chemicals, and heavy metals is fouling water everywhere, and that the damage is often worst in the very places where people most need water. In the next 50 years, an additional 3 billion people are expected to inhabit the Earth, creating even more demand for water for drinking, irrigation, and industry. But we’re polluting our cheapest and most easily accessible supply of water. (Sampat, 2000) Distribution of Freshwater: One major issue that is likely to have a major impact on freshwater’s supply and demand in the years to come is that of distribution. Like many other natural resources, freshwater’s distribution around the globe is extremely uneven. Areas inhabiting less than one third of the world’s population currently receive more than 75% of the annual rainfall. With global warming rapidly changing the environmental outlook of the globe, this natural distribution of freshwater is likely to become even more uneven. In some regions, where freshwater is available in abundance or annual rainfall is moderate enough to meet the demands of the local population, lack of proper resources and infrastructure restricts access to the freshwater supply. For instance, in South Asia, rainfall is the major source of freshwater. However, above 80 percent of the rainwater runs off too quickly to be effectively utilized. A number of methods and processes have been developed over the years to preserve freshwater resources and to ensure that runoff from the rainfall doesn’t go wasted. Dams and desalination are the two most commonly used processes world over. It should however be noted that not all countries suffering from shortage of water supply have enough resources to properly develop or employ such methods for the preservation of freshwater supply. Freshwater Resources: The Microeconomic Perspective: From a microeconomic perspective, the cost of freshwater is likely to increase sharply as soon as the planet starts running out of resources. Decline in quality of available freshwater resources such as river or lakes, change in rainfall trends and drying up of glaciers are some of the many factors that will eventually lead to a decline in the supply of freshwater in different parts of the world. Demand, on the other hand, will continue to increase as a result of an increase in population, lifestyle changes and improvement in quality of life in developing economies. The result will be a shift in the supply curve. In simple terms the price for freshwater will shoot up in the long run. There will be severe economic as well as sociopolitical consequences of such a shift in the supply curve. Economies suffering from freshwater shortages are already facing challenges that directly impact their economic performance and social progress. The only way out of this disaster is broad and extensive collaborative initiatives by the world nations to ensure the fresh water supply in the future. There should be immediate measures to be taken to sort out and cope with the problem of pollution of fresh water resources, because it is the most fatal blow on our already shrinking resources. Comprehensive awareness programs should be launched in every part of the world on local community bases so that the individuals become aware of the danger they are about to face in the near future and be prepared for it. Deliberate misuse of water should be considered a crime and extensive punitive measures should be taken in order to curb deliberate misuse and pollution of water supplies and resources. The overall condition of fresh water supply gives a clear indication that in the near future the fresh water supply will not only will be reduced but it will also become costly and the consequences will be very harsh and brutal for poor people who are already deprived off clean water supply may be completely left without water supply in the future. If immediate measures are not taken there is a very high probability that fresh water will become a luxury of the elite only and the commoners will have to survive without it if they can survive. References Hirichsen, Don & Tacio, Henrylito, (2001) The Coming Fresh Water Crisis is Already Here, Wilson Center, Retrieved on 17th March 2008 http://www. wilsoncenter. org/topics/pubs/popwawa2. pdf Middle East Faces Fresh Water Crisis, (2008) Emirates Business 24/7, Retrieved on 18th March 2008 http://www. business247. ae/cs/article_show_mainh1_story. aspx? HeadlineID=3929 Sampat Payal, (2000) The Hidden Freshwater Crisis, World Watch Institute Retrieved on 18th March 2008. http://www. worldwatch. org/node/1684 Water Politics, (2008) Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 17th March 2008 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_politics#Water_as_a_critical_resource Saijel Kishan and Madelene Pearson, Bloomberg News Published: Monday, July 03 2006 http://www. canada. com/edmontonjournal/news/business/story. html? id=60e8a4c1-b733-4f96-a85c-d723c1f4e221&k=50181 http://www. business24-7. ae/cs/article_show_mainh1_story. aspx? HeadlineID=3929

Leonard Bernstein

Leonard Bernstein Free Online Research Papers On August 25, 1918 in Lawrence, Massachusetts, a music legend was born. Leonard Bernstein was Jewish and went to school at Garrison and Boston Latin Schools while learning to play the piano. He found a love for music early on. When Leonard went to Harvard he met some great people, such as Walter Piston and A. Tillman Merritt. While at Harvard he wrote music to â€Å"The Birds† and directed and performed in â€Å"The Cradle Will Rock† by Marc Blitzstein. He then went to the Curtis Institute of Music in PA and studied piano, conducting and orchestration. In 1940, Leonard would meet someone very important to his future, Serge Koussevitzky. They met at Tanglewood, in Boston, where Leonard studied conducting and would become Serges conducting assistant. In 1943, Bernstein became Assistant Conductor of the New York Philharmonic. After substituting at Carnegie Hall, in place of Bruno Walter, Bernstien was sought after worldwide. Bernstein would soon become Music Director of the New York City Symphony Orchestra until the death of his dear friend Koussevitzky in 1951. He then began teaching at Tanglewood in orchestra and conducting. In the same year, he would be married to the Chilean actress who also played piano, Felicia Montealegre. In 1956, Bernstein would become involved with the New York Philharmonic and would succeed Dimitri Mitropoulos (with whom he had an affair) as Music Director in 1958. He is well known for conducting the most concerts with the orchestra than any other conductor before. He carried the title of Laureate Conductor his whole life. He enjoyed the New York Philharmonic orchestra so much that more than half of his 400 plus recordings would be played by them. The world sought after Bernstein and he would ablidge as conductor. He conducted in London, the International Music Festival in Prague, and created a lasting relationship with Israel when he played in Tel Aviv. In 1953, he conducted the opera Cherubinis â€Å"Medea† as the first American at Teatro alla Scala in Milan. As an advocate of American composers, Bernstein cherished Aaron Copland (who he is said to have slept with) the most. He studied, learned, and memorized many of his works. His favorite to play and considered a trademark was Coplands â€Å"Piano Variations†. Almost all of Coplands works were recorded by Bernstein. He even started televising â€Å"Young Peoples Concerts† dedicated to Copland. Bernstein was an amazing conductor who could connect with his orchestra to make amazing sound and quality performances. He is best known for how well he conducted Beethoven, Haydn, Brahms, Schumann and Sibelius. He also was the best with Gustav Mahler, which started a new interest in Mahlers music. Bernstein began his composing career in the 1940s. He allows his heritage and religion to play a part in his music while keeping to the American style. He created many works of music starting with his Symphony No.1: Jeremiah and a ballet piece Fancy Free. Fancy Free was such a hit, it was turned into the Broadway musical On the Town. He then wrote another ballet score for Facsimile in 1946. He continued with Prelude, Fugue and Riffs in 1949, the opera Trouble in Tahiti in 1952, the Broadway score Wonderful Town in 1953, the soundtrack for the film On the Waterfront in 1954, and another Broadway score Candide in 1956. In 1957, Bernstein would create his most popular and widely known piece West Side Story. It would later become a feature film and win an Academy Award in 1961. From 1958 to 1969, Bernstein became the director of the New York Philharmonic. He carried the orchestra though fourteen seasons on CBS with the â€Å"Young Peoples Concerts† musical series. He then created another orchestra and ensemble piece Mass:A Theater Piece for Singers, Players and Dancers in 1971, his third and final ballet Dybbuk in 1975, another great and final Broadway piece 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in 1976, his final opera A Quiet Place in 1983, and finally his orchestra and ensemble finale Concerto for Orchestra: Jubilee Games in 1989. Bernstein also wrote about music. His writings were published in four books between 1959 and 1982. He gave lectures as well. There was a book and television program on his six lectures at Harvard. The show was called â€Å"The Unanswered Question†. The world loved Bernstein. He received many medals, honors and awards in his lifetime. He received a Gold Medal from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, MacDowell Colony, Beethoven Society, and the highest honor with the Handel Medallion. Bernstein received a Tony award and many awards from colleges and universities. He was given the keys to the cities of Oslo, Vienna, Bersheeva and the village of Bernstein, Austria. Many countries honored him. He won twenty Grammy awards and received the Kennedy Center Honors. The year Bernstein was to die, he received the Praemium Imperiale prize from the Japan Arts Association. He used the money from the prize to start the Bernstein Education Through the Arts Fund, Inc. (BETA) I listened to Symphony No. 2 for piano and Orchestra, â€Å"The Age of Anxiety†. This piece is well laid out and full of emotion. He starts with a loud upbeat intro that leads into a solemn melody. It gives me a visual imagery of someones lover leaving them. The slow, calm of the music is very melancholy and depressing. It is as if the person is alone and confused as to what to do now. uses several variations in this piece. He flows well between the orchestra and the piano solos. The piano occurs to me as a symbol of depression while the orchestra is all the other emotions causing confusion as to how the person really feels and what they should do. When the piano has its solo and is so pianissimo, I think of the person having given up all hope and drowning in their sorrow. Just as all seems hopeless something occurs to change the persons perspective and they begin to realize it is not the end of the world. The orchestra joins back in with the piano and gets louder and faster. A joyous moment when the person realizes the truth in their feelings and moves on. The happy ending. This piece carries a slow tempo with some sections of increased speed. It has great tone color and transitions. Based on what we have listened to through this course, this piece sounds unstable. It is as if it goes in any direction it wants, flowing like a rapid river. Whereas earlier music had a set pattern, layout and form that was used. There is still flow to it but no exact layout. It follows its own rules and does what is pleasing to the ear of the composer. Bernstein is a musical genius. He will be remembered and learned from for years to come. He has become one of my favorites. Thank you Bernstein. â€Å"Leonard Bernstein†. NNDB. 2009. nndb.com/people/532/000031439/ â€Å"Leonard Bernstein (Conductor, Composer)†. Aryeh Oron. August 2001. bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Bernstein-Leonard.htm â€Å"Leonard Bernstein†. The Leonard Bernstein Office, Inc. 2008-2009. leonardbernstein.com/lb.htm â€Å"Leonard Bernstein†. Myspace.com. 2009. myspace.com/leonardbernstein.com Research Papers on Leonard BernsteinHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Spring and AutumnInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Free sample - Poes Horror. translation missing

Poes Horror. Poe's HorrorINTRODUCTION Edgar Allan Poe (1809 - 1849) was a famous poet in America who wrote many stories and poems (Hossick 28). He was also an editor as well as a writer and he worked with several journals and publishing homes. He is most famous for his stories of mystery. It is believed that Edgar Allan made a generous contribution to the genre of scientific fiction through his stories and poems of mystery. The most outstanding stories by this poet are the black cat, the cask of Amontillado, William Wilson and the man of the crowd. These four stories are the area of interest in this paper and a comparison in the themes of the four stories will be made. DISCUSSION THE STORIES 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BLACK CAT This story is narrated by Edgar himself and he explains that the story is inspired by his childhood passion for domestic animals. The story is about him and his favorite pet, a cat named as Pluto. Pluto and Edgar were good friends until Edgar changed abruptly, became violent and a drunkard. The situation worsened and Edgar killed the cat, an act that haunted him and prompted him to look for another cat to replace Pluto with. The new black cat does not bring peace to Edgar and the story ends with Edgar killing both the black cat and his wife. The narrator takes the audience through the story with lots of symbolism and imagery. The main theme of this story is the man’s fear of the unknown such as the fear of darkness, illusion and spaces. In the story, Edgar finds his house on fire after killing Pluto, and later he sees an image of a huge cat on the wall of his house. Perverseness is also a theme in this story where the quilt feeling by Edgar causes fear in his life (Barger and Poe, 59). There is also the theme of self destruction which is shown by the way Edgar brings trouble to himself through alcoholism and his violent actions. Another theme is the theme of vengeance (Lippmann 45). The black cat haunts Elgar in order to avenge its death and in the end of the story, the cat alerts draws the attention of the police to the acts of Elgar. The most outstanding elements in this story are the elements of horror and superstition. It is superstition that makes Edgar think that he has seen a cat on the wall of his burnt house, a symbol of Pluto hanging on the noose. Another important element in the story is the cat itself, which plays the roles of an actor, symbol, and a device to develop the plot. It doubles up as both a real creature and a ghost by dying and another cat reappearing in the story. This element of doubling is used in German folklore to signify bad luck or bad omen. The name Pluto is also symbolic as according to Roman mythology, the name symbolizes death or misfortunes. The story is also ambiguous, with the question of whether the reappearance of the cat was natural or superstitious being left unanswered. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CASK OF AMONTILLADO In this story the narrator, Montressor, is not happy as the others during the annual celebration of the beginning of Lentern season. The reason why he is not happy is because of the many offenses committed against him by Furtunato. Montressor is out to revenge and he looks for an opportunity to do so. He uses a new wine by the name of Amontillado as bait to catch Furtunato and he succeeds and kills him brutally. The themes in the story are revenge, deception and pride. Montressor is out to revenge against Fortunato for the many offences he has committed, the most recent one being an insult. Deception is another theme shown by the way the way Montressor uses Amontillado to lure Fortunato to the catacombs where he kills him. Pride is evidenced by the believe Fortunato has on his ability to know whether the wine presented to him is truly Amontillado. He believed in his ability even though he was not sober and he was also unwell (Barger and Poe 88). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   WILLIAM WILSON The story is narrated by a person on the verge of death, and it first builds on flash back. He is disturbed and seeks to get the reader to sympathize with him by informing the reader that his bad deeds were out of unavoidable circumstances. One theme of the story is the enemy within, which means destroying oneself or working against ones interests through alcoholism, drug abuse and others. There is an inner spirit that develops within us and cause fear of some things, depression or lack of sleep. According to Barger and Poe, the narrator is facing such a situation and in his struggle to overcome it, he fights against himself and loses (620). The other theme is the theme of terror which is shown by the way the narrator struggles to fight against an imaginary enemy. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   THE MAN OF THE CROWD This is the story of a man in the streets of London who has been suffering from an unknown illness. His sits outside and starts categorizing passers by where he notices one old man and follows him. The pursuit extends to the next day and the man is not able to understand the mission of the old man. The main theme in this story is the theme of mystery which is shown in the way the young man can not categorize the old man from the looks, as opposed to the other people in the streets. Even after following the old man for a long time, the man can not tell the motives of the old man and leaves the reader to find out for themselves (Barger and Poe 298). COMPARISON OF THE STORIES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through out the four stories, there are some themes that seem to recur, which are insanity as opposed to rationality, obsession, man and death, double identity, love or hatred, curiosity, resolve among others. About insanity and rationality, in the four stories there are people whose decisions are not driven by rationality but by an element of insanity. In the Black cat, the insanity was brought by influence from alcohol and Elgar is not in control of his decisions (Lippmann 68). Also, in the Cask of Amontillado, Fortunato is driven by drunkenness to accept the challenge to test the wine. The same case applies to the story William Wilson who is so disturbed that his decisions are not rational. In the man of the crowd, the man is driven by an unnamed sickness to sit idly in a coffee shop and categorize people. His move to follow an old man for so long is also an insane decision since he does not stand to benefit from discovering who the old man was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another common theme in the stories is obsession. The characters in the stories are obsessed with different things and this obsession is a source of misfortunes or death to the characters. In the Black cat, the narrator is obsessed with the cat, his favorite pet and alcohol while in the story of the cask of Amontillado; Fortunato is obsessed with alcohol (Lippmann 176). There is also the obsession with discovering the truth in the man of the crowd. In the story of William Wilson, the narrator is obsessed with fighting against self and wining.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the stories, double identity is used to develop the plot. In the black cat, the black cat doubles as a both a natural creature as well as a ghost by dying and reappearing. In the story of the cask of Amontillado, the wine doubles as something to cheer up Fortunato and also as something to kill him. In the story William Wilson, the narrator’s struggle against self results to both a win and a loss while in the story the man of the crowd, the young man doubles as the man we know as well as a mysterious man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the stories, Elgar has employed the use of symbolism, anaphora and first person narration in his work. In the story of the black cat, the cat is used to symbolize misfortune. In the cask of Amontillado, the name ‘Amontillado’ is also used to show bad luck. Anaphora is repeating a phrase or a word before the beginning of lines often to show emphasis and create balance. In the story of the black cat, he uses anaphora as shown in the line â€Å"...I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen†¦..†(Barger and Poe 62) and in the story of William Wilson, anaphora is shown in the line â€Å"†¦The same name! The same contour of person! The same of arrival...† (Barger and Poe 625).Irony is also used as shown in the story of the black cat. The cat which was initially a great friend to Edgar turned to be an enemy and cause of trouble to him. In the cask of Amontillado, when Montressor gives Fortunato wine, he toasts â€Å"to his long life† knowing very well that h would kill him. When they are ascending the stairs, he also tells him that his life is respected, which was not true since he was planning to kill him.  Ã‚   CONCLUSION Allan Edgar was a good writer who used various tools in his short stories to develop the story as well as to bring out the various themes. His favorite themes were mystery, obsession and revenge and these are common in most of his works (Hossick 67). He used the first person narration since it is more captivating and also convenient. His short stories are informative, thrilling as well as entertaining due to his literature skills.    WORKS CITED Barger, Andrew and Poe, Allen, E. Edgar Allen Poe Annotated and illustrated entire Stories and Poems. London: Bottletree Books LLC, 2008. Print. Hossick, Malcolm. Edgar Allen Poe. New York: Ardent Media, 2007. Print Lippmann, Babette. Edgar Allen Poe- â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition†: An Analysis of His Work. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag, 2007.Print

In what ways did the Reformation influence the formation of national Essay

In what ways did the Reformation influence the formation of national identity in Europe and North America - Essay Example With this view, Wolfe (2003, p. 24) notes that the vital moment in the formation of identity came when individuals came to view amorphous mass of people as sharing a common history, destiny, culture and interest. In the past few decades, the examination of the history of religion has shifted from the ghetto of clerical history to which it had been long impounded (Veer & Lehmann, 1999, p. 21). Having looked at the general state of identity in the European countries, it is imperative to focus attention on the relationship between reformation and national identity in the European and North American nations. In reference to Arnold (1999), Reformation is the religious insurgency that occurred in the Western church in 16th century. Martin Luther and John Calvin were its greatest leaders. It had far reaching political, social and economic effects and was the primary cause of Protestantism, one of the three primary divisions of Christianity. Meyer (2009) denotes that this revolution aspired to reform the practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. However, the revolution’s religious elements were complemented by political leaders who aimed at extending their supremacy and control to the detriment of the church. This upsurge brought an end to the unity inflicted by medieval Christianity and, according to many historians, marked the start of a new era (Meyer, 2009). A deterioration of the old order was by now in progress in North Europe, as verified by the materialization of flourishing new cities and a resolute middle class. The efforts and determination of the leaders of reformation resulted to the creation of new protestant churches (Clark, 2000, p. 251). The world of the medieval Roman Catholic Church from which the reformers aggressed was an intricate. Over the centuries, the church, especially the papacy, had been involved in the political life of Europe. This had resulted to manipulations which prompted the reformers to revolt. The Catholic Church c ontrolled the economy of majority of Europena countries and imposed heavy taxes on the people (Meyer, 2009). Luther saw that Catholic was a way of manipulating the people and driving them away from God. In 1517, Martin Luther, posted a document referred to as the 95 theses. This document outlined reasons by why he believed that Catholicism was completely defective (Clark, 2000, p. 253). Martin Luther’s stand transformed some parts of the Roman Catholic set of guidelines and numerous other practices. He insisted on the point that the Bible and not the pope, was the main way to recognize God’s Word. The pope was an extremely worldly figure and held supremacy in the Catholic Church. For this reason, Arnold (1999) asserts that this point raised eyebrows across the continent. Martin Luther felt that the bible was the most significant aspect in spirituality which the Christians should abide to other than the orders of the pope. He felt that this was an unfair to the true sig nificance of salvation. When Luther criticized the Catholic Church, not everyone accepted him as a savior of religion. At first, he only appealed to the barbarians and other lower class people. No one in the religion had acknowledged the importance of the document written by Luther, though it would be one of the most significant documents to ever be written in history (Meyer, 2009). Many public figures wanted to excommunicate him. The church did not want to involve him